Through the Improving Learning Outcomes for Asia (ILOA) project, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/Pakistan engaged RTI International to conduct an assessment of the basic education sector, in two phases. First, the team completed a desk review of available secondary data and relevant publications. Second, a team of researchers collected qualitative data through 84 key informant interviews, group discussions, and school visits in-country. This final report integrates data from both phases to provide an overview of basic education in Pakistan at the federal level and in five provinces and regions: Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Balochistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Punjab, and Sindh. In addition to an overview of basic education, the assessment probed the following issues: ● Private schooling – analysis of the extent and quality of private schooling, including the potential for expanded public–private partnerships (PPPs). ● Inclusive education – equity in access to schooling for marginalized and vulnerable populations, especially girls and children with disabilities ● Flood recovery and climate resilience – the education system’s recovery from the recent flooding and lessons from those incidents regarding the role that basic education can play in climate change mitigation and adaptation and the longer-term resiliency of the education system