In March 2011, a research team evaluated the skills of 420 P4 and 420 P64 students with an Early Grade Mathematics Assessment (EGMA) instrument adapted to the Rwandan curriculum and context. An English-language Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) instrument was adapted to the Rwandan context, while a Kinyarwanda-language instrument was developed based on the linguistic structure of the Kinyarwanda language.5 We gathered a diverse range of information using the Snapshot of School Management Effectiveness (SSME) instruments developed by the EdData II project and customized for the Rwandan context. A random selection of districts and non-private schools in Rwanda were included in the survey, and therefore students from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds are represented.